Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lily

Lilium plants are well known for their edible and medicinal properties due to their chemical composition and pharmacological actions. Chemical studies have shown that lilium mainly contains steroid saponins, polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids. The pharmacological effects of lily include anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory. Pengyu Wang and FatmaAlzahra K. Attia of Henan University and Jian Li of Hefei University of Technology summarize the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of lily in this review.

Introduction

Liliaceae Liliaceae plants are distributed in China and cultivated worldwide as ornamental plants, and can be used as important food plants and biomedical products. Lily has the function of nourishing Yin and moistening lung, clearing fire and calming the mind. It can also act on Yin deficiency caused by persistent cough, hemoptysis, anxiety, insomnia, dreaminess and lack of concentration.

The bulbs of Lilium plants have high medicinal value, such as Kupan Lily and Lily. There have been many studies on the chemical constituents of Lilium, involving saponins, sterols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, triglycerides, phenylpropane and flavonoids. The literature results indicate the pharmacological effects of Lilium on anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, anti-depression, anti-fatigue and improving hypoxia tolerance. This review summarizes the latest research on the phytochemistry and pharmacology of lilium, which can provide reference for further research and application of related strains.

Anticancer activity

The bulbs of Brown Lily and Lily Lily are often used as antitumor agents in Chinese medicine. The antitumor activity of Lilium has been demonstrated in HepG2, K562, SGC-7901, A549, HGC-27 and SPCA-1 cells and in mouse models of S180, H22 and B16. Studies have shown that crude extracts and some active ingredients of Brown Lily, Tigerlily and stripe Lily show potential antitumor effects. In vivo and in vitro experiments show different mechanisms of action, which are mainly divided into two categories:

(1) Enhance immune function to kill tumor cells;

(2) Inhibit cell proliferation and seal cells in G2/M phase.

Anti-inflammatory activity

According to the literature, the root extract of Lilium tigerii can inhibit the number of macrophages and neutrophils in models exposed to cigarette smoke, and reduce the protein secretion levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and MCP-1. The methanol extract has anti-inflammatory effects. It can significantly inhibit the contents of NO, PGE2, IL-6 and TNF-α induced by lipopolysaccharide. iNOS and COX-2 can inhibit the anti-inflammatory effect in RAW264.7 cells. Therefore, its anti-inflammatory mechanism is to inhibit the production of inflammatory factors, so as to play an anti-inflammatory role.

Antioxidant activity

Brown Lily polysaccharide can reduce the content of MDA in serum and tissue, enhance the activity of SOD and improve the activity of CAT in liver and serum, and has obvious antioxidant activity in vivo. The crude polysaccharide of Brown Lily had the strongest scavenging ability for hydroxyl and nitrite. In addition, the phenolic compounds extracted from Lily had strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging ability against DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl groups in vitro. The corm extract of Lily of Tigerlily has important antioxidant capacity and may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Effects on the immune system

According to the literature, medium and high doses of Brown Lily polysaccharide can improve the clearance rate of charcoal particles and the weight index of immune organs, indicating that Brown Lily polysaccharide can promote the phagocytosis function of reticuloendothelial system in mice and enhance the non-specific immune function. In addition, Brown Lily polysaccharide can increase the serum hemolysin level in mice. These results indicate that Brown Lily polysaccharide can enhance the humoral immune function of mice.

Hypoglycemic effect

Brown Lily polysaccharide has obvious hypoglycemic effect induced by alloxacil on mice. Brown Lily polysaccharide plays an active role in hypoglycemic mechanism by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, improving antioxidant function and inhibiting the damage of oxygen free radicals to pancreatic β cells and increasing insulin secretion.

Antibacterial activity

The antibacterial activity of the bulbs of Lilium lilium Lanzhou, Lilium Yichang, Lilium Minjiang, Lilium Brown and Lilium sphenoides was related to the active components such as alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. There was significant dose-effect relationship between antibacterial activity and extract content of lily bulb. With the increase of the content of lily bulb extract, the antibacterial activity increased proportionally.

Antidepressant effect

Chronic psychological stimulation was used to observe the effects of Brown lily saponins on COR and ACTH in the blood of depressed rats. The results showed that Brown lily saponins could reduce COR and ACTH in depressed rats, indicating that there was a significant dose-effect relationship between the antidepressant effect and the content of Brown lily saponins.

Resistance to fatigue and hypoxia

It was found that Lilium lilium polysaccharide could prolong the swimming time of mice, enhance SOD activity and reduce MDA content. Therefore, polysaccharides in lily can enhance the ability of mice to resist fatigue.

Future perspectives

Literature shows that saponins, flavonoids and polysaccharides are the main active components of Lilium. Studies of chemical composition have focused on the bulb of lily, but little has been done on its flower. The pharmacological effects of the compounds isolated from Lilium are rarely studied, and the mechanism of action is unclear.

In summary, the following points can be started in the future research and reasonable development of lily:

(1) The chemical composition of lily was identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and other new techniques;

(2) To systematically study the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Lilium plants, including the flower parts of Lilium plants, and to further explore their mechanism of action;

(3) It is of great significance for its in-depth research and development in food, health products and related drugs.

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2023-1-31

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